*vim_win.txt*   For Vim version 4.0.  Last modification: 1996 May 27

Editing with multiple windows and buffers.

Explained here are commands have been added to use multiple windows and
buffers. Additionally there are explanations for commands that work different
when used in combination with more than one window.


A window is a viewport onto a buffer. You can use multiple windows on one
buffer. Or several windows on different buffers.

A buffer is a file loaded into memory for editing. The original file remains
unchanged until you write the buffer to the file.

A buffer can be in one of three states:

					*active_buffer*
active:   The buffer is displayed in a window. If there is a file for this
	  buffer it has been read into the buffer. The buffer may have been
	  modified.
					*hidden_buffer*
hidden:   The buffer is not displayed. If there is a file for this buffer it
          has been read into the buffer. The buffer may have been modified.
					*inactive_buffer*
inactive: The buffer is not displayed and does not contain anything. Options
          for the buffer are remembered if the file was once loaded.

In a table:

state		displayed	loaded		:buffers
		in window			 shows
active		  yes		 yes		  ' '
hidden		  no		 yes		  'h'
inactive	  no		 no		  '-'


Starting Vim
------------

By default Vim starts with one window, just like vi.

The "-o" Vim argument can be used to open a window for each file in the
argument list: "Vim -o file1 file2 file3" will open three windows.

"-oN", where N is a decimal number, opens N windows. If there are more file
names than windows, only N windows are opened, some files do not get a window.
If there are more windows than file names, the last few windows will be
editing empty buffers.

If there are many file names the windows will become very small. You might
want to set the 'winheight' option to create a workable situation.

							*status_line*
A status line will be used to separate windows. The 'laststatus' option tells
when the last window also has a status line:
	'laststatus' = 0	never a status line
	'laststatus' = 1	status line if there is more than one window
	'laststatus' = 2	always a status line
Normally inversion is used to display the status line.  This can be changed
with the 's' character in the 'highlight' option.  For example "sb" sets it to
bold characters.  If no highlighting is used for the status line ("sn"), the
'=' character is used.  If the mouse is supported and enabled with the 'mouse'
option a status line can be dragged to resize windows.

Note: If you expect your status line to be in reverse video and it isn't,
check if the 'highlight' option contains "si".  In version 3.0 this meant to
invert the status line.  Now it should be "sr", reverse the status line, "si"
stands for italic!  If italic is not available on your terminal the status
line is inverted anyway, you will only see this problem on terminals that
have termcap codes for italics.


Opening a new window
--------------------

CTRL-W s						*CTRL-W_s*
CTRL-W S						*CTRL-W_S*
CTRL-W CTRL-S						*CTRL-W_CTRL-S*
:[N]sp[lit]						*:sp* *:split*
		Split current window in two. The result is two viewports on
		the same file. Make new window N high (default is to use half
		the height of the current window). Reduces the current window
		height to create room (and others, if the 'equalalways' option
		is set).

CTRL-W n						*CTRL-W_n*
CTRL-W CTRL_N						*CTRL-W_CTRL-N*
:[N]new							*:new*
		Create a new window and start editing an empty file in it.
		Make new window N high (default is to use half the existing
		height). Reduces the current window height to create room (and
		others, if the 'equalalways' option is set).

:[N]new [+command] fname
:[N]split [+command] fname				*:split_f*
		Create a new window and start editing file fname in it. If
		[+command] is given, execute the command when the file has
		been loaded. Make new window N high (default is to use half
		the existing height). Reduces the current window height to
		create room (and others, if the 'equalalways' option is set).

:[N]sv[iew] [+command] fname				*:sv* *:sview*
		Same as :split, but set 'readonly' option for this buffer.

CTRL-W CTRL-^					*CTRL-W_CTRL-^* *CTRL-W_^*
CTRL-W ^	Does ":split #", split window in two and edit alternate file.
		When a count is given it becomes ":split #N", split window and
		edit buffer N.

Closing a window
----------------

CTRL-W q						*CTRL-W_q*
CTRL-W CTRL-Q						*CTRL-W_CTRL-Q*
:quit		Quit current window, unless the buffer was changed and there
		are no other windows for this buffer.  When quitting the last
		window (not counting help windows), exit Vim.

:quit!		Quit current window. If this was the last window for a buffer,
		any changes to that buffer are lost. When quitting the last
		window (not counting help windows), exit Vim.

CTRL-W CTRL-C					*CTRL-W_CTRL-C*
CTRL-W c					*CTRL-W_c* *:clo* *:close*
:clo[se]	Quit current window, unless it is the last window on the
		screen. The buffer becomes hidden (unless there is another
		window editing it). (Note: CTRL-W CTRL-C does not work).

CTRL-W o						*CTRL-W_o*
CTRL-W CTRL-O					*CTRL-W_CTRL-O* *:on* *:only*
:on[ly]		Make the current window the only one on the screen. All other
		windows are closed. All buffers in the other windows become
		hidden.


Moving the cursor to other windows
----------------------------------

CTRL-W <Down>					*CTRL-W_<Down>*
CTRL-W CTRL-J					*CTRL-W_CTRL-J* *CTRL-W_j*
CTRL-W j	move cursor to Nth window below current one.

CTRL-W <Up>					*CTRL-W_<Up>*
CTRL-W CTRL-K					*CTRL-W_CTRL-K* *CTRL-W_k*
CTRL-W k	move cursor to Nth window above current one.

CTRL-W w					*CTRL-W_w* *CTRL-W_CTRL-W*
CTRL-W CTRL-W	Without count: move cursor to window below current one. If
		there is no window below, go to upper window.
		With count: go to Nth window.

						*CTRL-W_W*
CTRL-W W	Without count: move cursor to window above current one. If
		there is no window above, go to bottom window.
		With count: go to Nth window.

CTRL-W t					*CTRL-W_t* *CTRL-W_CTRL-T*
CTRL-W CTRL-T	move cursor to top window.

CTRL-W b					*CTRL-W_b* *CTRL-W_CTRL-B*
CTRL-W CTRL-B	move cursor to bottom window.

CTRL-W p					*CTRL-W_p* *CTRL-W_CTRL-P*
CTRL-W CTRL-P	go to previous (last accessed) window.

If visual mode is active and the new window is not for the same buffer, the
visual mode is ended.


Moving windows around
---------------------

CTRL-W r					*CTRL-W_r* *CTRL-W_CTRL-R*
CTRL-W CTRL-R	Rotate windows downwards. The first window becomes the second
		one, the second one the third one, etc. The last window
		becomes the first window. The cursor remains in the same
		window.

						*CTRL-W_R*
CTRL-W R	Rotate windows upwards. The second window becomes the first
		one, the third one the second one, etc. The first window
		becomes the last window. The cursor remains in the same
		window.

CTRL-W x					*CTRL-W_x* *CTRL-W_CTRL-X*
CTRL-W CTRL-X	Without count: Exchange current window with next one. If there
		is no next window, exchange with previous window. With count:
		Exchange current window with Nth window (first window is 1).
		The cursor is put in the other window.


Window resizing
---------------

						*CTRL-W_=*
CTRL-W =	make all windows (almost) equal high.

:res[ize] -N					*:res* *:resize* *CTRL-W_-*
CTRL-W -	decrease current window height by N

:resize +N					*CTRL-W_+*
CTRL-W +	increase current window height by N

:resize [N]
CTRL-W CTRL-_					*CTRL-W_CTRL-_* *CTRL-W__*
CTRL-W _	set current window height to N (default: highest possible)

z<nr><CR>	set current window height to nr

You can also resize the window by dragging a status line up or down with the
mouse. This only works if the version of Vim that is being used supports the
mouse and the 'mouse' option has been set to enable it.

The option 'winheight' ('wh') is used to set the minimal window height of the
current window. This option is used each time another window becomes the
current window. If the option is '0' it is disabled. Set 'winheight' to a very
large value, e.g. '9999', to make the current window always fill all available
space. Set it to a reasonable value, e.g. '10', to make editing in the current
window comfortable.

When the option 'equalalways' ('ea') is set all the windows are automatically
made the same size after splitting or closing a window. If you don't set this
option, splitting a window will reduce the size of the current window and
leave the other windows the same. When closing a window the extra lines are
given the the window above it.

The option 'commandheight' ('ch') is used to set the height of the command
line. If you are annoyed by the "hit return to continue" questions for long
messages, set this option to 2 or 3.

If there is only one window, resizing that window will also change the command
line height. If there are several windows, resizing the current window will
also change the height of the window below it (and sometimes the window above
it).


Exiting Vim with multiple windows or buffers
--------------------------------------------

							*:qa* *:qall*
:qa[ll]		Exit Vim, unless there are some buffers which have been
		changed. (Use :bmod to go to the next modified buffer).

:qall!		Exit Vim. Any changes to buffers are lost.

:wqa[ll]					*:wqa* *:wqall* *:xa* *:xall*
:xa[ll]		Write all changed buffers and exit Vim. If there are buffers
		without a file name, which are readonly or cannot be written
		for another reason, Vim is not quit.

:wqall!
:xall!		Write all changed buffers, also the ones that are readonly,
		and exit Vim. If there are buffers without a file name or
		cannot be written for another reason, Vim is not quit.


Writing with multiple buffers
-----------------------------

							*:wa* *:wall*
:wa[ll]		Write all changed buffers. Buffers without a file name or
		which are readonly are not written.

:wa[ll]!	Write all changed buffers, also the ones that are readonly.
		Buffers without a file name are not written.


Overview of argument and buffer list commands
---------------------------------------------

   args list		    buffer list		meaning
1. :[N]argument [N]	11. :[N]buffer [N]	to arg/buf N
2. :[N]next [file ..]	12. :[N]bnext [N]	to Nth next arg/buf
3. :[N]Next [N]		13. :[N]bNext [N]	to Nth previous arg/buf
4. :[N]previous	[N]	14. :[N]bprevious [N]	to Nth previous arg/buf
5. :rewind		15. :brewind		to first arg/buf
6. :last		16. :blast		to last arg/buf
7. :all			17. :ball		edit all args/buffers
			18. :unhide		edit all loaded buffers
			19. :[N]bmod [N]	to Nth modified buf

 split & args list 	 split & buffer list 	meaning
21. :[N]sargument [N]   31. :[N]sbuffer [N]	split + to arg/buf N
22. :[N]snext [file ..] 32. :[N]sbnext [N]      split + to Nth next arg/buf
23. :[N]sNext [N]       33. :[N]sbNext [N]      split + to Nth previous arg/buf
24. :[N]sprevious [N]   34. :[N]sbprevious [N]  split + to Nth previous arg/buf
25. :srewind            35. :sbrewind           split + to first arg/buf
26. :slast              36. :sblast             split + to last arg/buf
27. :sall		37: :sball		edit all args/buffers
			38. :sunhide		edit all loaded buffers
                        39. :[N]sbmod [N]       split + to Nth modified buf

40.	:args			list of arguments
41.	:buffers		list of buffers

The meaning of [N] depends on the command:
[N] is number of buffers to go forward/backward on ?2, ?3, ?4
[N] is an argument number, defaulting to current argument, for 1, 21
[N] is a buffer number, defaulting to current buffer, for 11, 31
[N] is a count for 19, 39

Note: ":next" is an exception, because it must accept a list of file names
for compatibility with vi.


The argument list and multiple windows
--------------------------------------

The current position in the argument list can be different for each window.
Remember that when doing ":e file" the position in the argument list stays
the same, but you are not editing the file at that position. Thus the
message (file N of M) may be misleading (this is inherited from vi).

All the entries in the argument list are added to the buffer list. Thus you
can also get to them with the buffer list commands, like ":bnext".

:[N]al[l] [N]					*:al* *:all* *:sal* *:sall*
:[N]sal[l] [N]	Rearrange the screen to open one window for each argument.
		All other windows are closed (buffers become hidden).  When a
		count is given this is the maximum number of windows to open.

:[N]sa[rgument][!] [N]				*:sa* *:sargument*
		Short for ":split | argument [N]": split window and go to Nth
		argument.  But when there is no such argument, the window is
		not split.

:[N]sn[ext][!] [file ..]				*:sn* *:snext*
		Short for ":split | [N]next": split window and go to Nth next
		argument.  But when there is no next file, the window is not
		split.

:[N]spr[evious][!] [N]				*:spr* *:sprevious*
:[N]sN[ext][!] [N]				*:sN* *:sNext*
		Short for ":split | [N]Next": split window and go to Nth
		previous argument.  But when there is no previous file, the
		window is not split.

						*:sr* *:srewind*
:sr[ewind][!]	Short for ":split | rewind": split window and go to first
		argument.  But when there is no argument list the window is
		not split.

						*:sla* *:slast*
:sla[st][!]	Short for ":split | last": split window and go to last
		argument.  But when there is no argument list the window is
		not split.


Tag or file name under the cursor
---------------------------------

							*:sta* *:stag*
:sta[g][!] [tagname]
		Does ":tag[!] [tagname]" and splits the window for the found
		tag.  See also |:tag|.

CTRL-W ]					*CTRL-W_]* *CTRL-W_CTRL-]*
CTRL-W CTRL-]	split current window in two. Use identifier under cursor as a
		tag and jump to it in the new upper window. Make new window N
		high.

CTRL-W f					*CTRL-W_f* *CTRL-W_CTRL-F*
CTRL-W CTRL-F	split current window in two. Edit file name under cursor. Like
		":split ]f", but window isn't split if the file does not
		exist.  Uses the 'path' variable as a list of directory names
		where to look for the file. Also the path for current file
		is used to search for the file name. If the name is a
		hypertext link, that looks like "type://machine/path", only
		"/path" is used.


Using hidden buffers
--------------------

A hidden buffer is not displayed in a window, but is still loaded into memory.
This makes it possible to jump from file to file, without the need to read or
write the file every time, and having to keep the file in a window.

If the option 'hidden' ('hid') is set, abandoned buffers are kept for all
commands that start editing another file: ":edit", ":next", ":tag", etc. The
commands that move through the buffer list make the current buffer hidden
although the 'hidden' option is not set (see below).

You can make a hidden buffer not hidden, by starting to edit it with any
command. Or by deleting it with the ":bdelete" command.

						*hidden_quit*
When trying to quit Vim while there is a hidden, modified buffer, will cause
and error message and Vim will make that buffer the current buffer.  You can
then decide to write this buffer (":wq") or quit without writing (":q!").  Be
careful, there may be more hidden, modified buffers!

:files						*:files*
:buffers					*:buffers* *:ls*
:ls		Show all buffers. Example:

			1 #h  "/test/text" line 1
			2  -  "asdf" line 0
			3 % + "version.c" line 1

		Each buffer has a unique number. That number will not change,
		so you can always go to a specific buffer with ":buffer N" or
		"N CTRL-^", where N is the buffer number.

 		'-' indicates a buffer that is not loaded. 'h' indicates a
		hidden buffer: It is loaded, but currently not displayed in a
		window. '%' indicates the buffer in the current window. '#'
		indicates the alternate buffer for ":e #" or CTRL-^. '+'
		indicates a modified buffer.

:[N]bd[elete]					*:bd* *:bdelete*
:bd[elete] [N]
		Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer) and delete it from
		the buffer list. If the buffer was changed this fails. The
		file remains unaffected. Any windows for this buffer are
		closed. If buffer [N] is the current buffer, the next buffer
		(displayed in a window) becomes the current buffer.

:[N]bdelete!
:bdelete! [N]
		Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer) and delete it from
		the buffer list. If the buffer was changed the changes are
		lost. The file remains unaffected. Any windows for this buffer
		are closed. If buffer [N] is the current buffer, the next
		buffer (displayed in a window) becomes the current buffer.

:bdelete[!] {bufname}
		Like ":bdelete[!] [N]", but buffer given by name.  Note that a
		buffer whose name is a number cannot be referenced by that
		name, use the buffer number instead.  Insert a backslash
		before a space in a buffer name.

:N,Mbdelete[!]	do :bdelete[!] for all buffers in the range N to M (inclusive).

:bdelete[!] N1 N2 ..
		do :bdelete[!] for buffer N1, N2, etc.  The arguments can be
		buffer numbers or buffer names (but not buffer names that are
		a number).  Insert a backslash before a space in a buffer
		name.

:[N]bun[load]					*:bun* *:bunload*
:bun[load] [N]
		Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer). The memory
		allocated for this buffer will be freed. The buffer remains in
		the buffer list. If the buffer was changed this fails. Any
		windows for this buffer are closed. If buffer [N] is the
		current buffer, the next buffer (displayed in a window)
		becomes the current buffer.

:[N]bunload!
:bunload! [N]
		Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer). The memory
		allocated for this buffer will be freed. The buffer remains in
		the buffer list. If the buffer was changed the changes are
		lost. Any windows for this buffer are closed. If buffer [N] is
		the current buffer, the next buffer (displayed in a window)
		becomes the current buffer.

:bunload[!] {bufname}
		Like ":bunload[!] [N]", but buffer given by name.  Note that a
		buffer whose name is a number cannot be referenced by that
		name, use the buffer number instead.  Insert a backslash
		before a space in a buffer name.

:N,Mbunload[!]	do :bunload[!] for all buffers in the range N to M (inclusive).

:bunload[!] N1 N2 ..
		do :bunload[!] for buffer N1, N2, etc.  The arguments can be
		buffer numbers or buffer names (but not buffer names that are
		a number).  Insert a backslash before a space in a buffer
		name.

:[N]b[uffer] [N]					*:b* *:buffer*
		Edit buffer [N] from the buffer list. If [N] is not given, the
		current buffer remains being edited.

:[N]b[uffer] {filename}
		Edit buffer for {filename} from the buffer list.

:[N]sb[uffer] [N]					*:sb* *:sbuffer*
		Split window and edit buffer [N] from the buffer list. If [N]
		is not given, the current buffer is edited.

:[N]sb[uffer] {filename}
		Split window and edit buffer for {filename} from the buffer
		list.

							*:bn* *:bnext*
:[N]bn[ext] [N]
		Go to [N]th next buffer in buffer list. [N] defaults to one.
		Wrap around the end of the buffer list.

							*:sbn* *:sbnext*
:[N]sbn[ext] [N]
		Split window and go to [N]th next buffer in buffer list.
		Wrap around the end of the buffer list.

:[N]bN[ext] [N]				*:bN* *:bNext* *:bp* *:bprevious*
:[N]bp[revious] [N]
		Go to [N]th previous buffer in buffer list. [N] defaults to
		one. Wrap around the start of the buffer list.

:[N]sbN[ext] [N]			*:sbN* *:sbNext* *:sbp* *:sbprevious*
:[N]sbp[revious] [N]
		Split window and go to [N]th previous buffer in buffer list.
		Wrap around the start of the buffer list.

							*:br* *:brewind*
:br[ewind]	Go to first buffer in buffer list.

							*:sbr* *:sbrewind*
:sbr[ewind]	split window and go to first buffer in buffer list

							*:bl* *:blast*
:bl[ast]	Go to last buffer in buffer list.

							*:sbl* *:sblast*
:sbl[ast]	Split window and go to last buffer in buffer list.

:[N]bm[odified] [N]					*:bm* *:bmodified*
		Go to [N]th next modified buffer in buffer list.

:[N]sbm[odified] [N]					*:sbm* *:sbmodified*
		Split window and go to [N]th next modified buffer in buffer
		list.

:[N]unh[ide] [N]			*:unh* *:unhide* *:sun* *:sunhide*
:[N]sun[hide] [N]
		Rearrange the screen to open one window for each loaded buffer
		in the buffer list. When a count is given this is the maximum
		number of windows to open.

:[N]ba[ll] [N]					*:ba* *:ball* *:sba* *:sball*
:[N]sba[ll] [N]	Rearrange the screen to open one window for each buffer in
		the buffer list. When a count is given this is the maximum
		number of windows to open.


Memory usage limits
-------------------

The option 'maxmem' ('mm') is used to set the maximal memory used for one
buffer (in Kbyte). 'maxmemtot' is used to set the maximal memory used for all
buffers (in Kbyte). The defaults depend on the system used. For the Amiga,
MS-DOS, and Win32 'maxmemtot' is set depending on the amount of memory
available. If you don't like Vim to swap to a file, set 'maxmem' and
'maxmemtot' to a very large value. The swap file will then only be used for
recovery. If you don't want a swap file at all, set 'updatecount' to 0, or use
the "-n" argument when starting Vim. Note that the 'maxmem' option is only
used when a buffer is created. Changing this option does not affect buffers
that have already been loaded. Thus you can set it to different values for
different files.  'maxmemtot' works always.
